(207–216) Proposals on orthography: Epithets in apposition, and more

Article 23.1 of the Code (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) rules that a specific epithet may have one three forms: “an adjective, noun genitive, or word apposition”. Of these three, “a apposition” is likely to be least clear modern reader, partly because declining familiarity with Latin among botanists, but also they often do not stand out as being this category. Upon taking closer look, epithets apposition prove quite interesting. Firstly, there varied tradition using name (in wide sense) an epithet: Achillea millefolium and Impatiens noli-tangere: both pre-Linnaean generic names (see Art. 23 Ex. 7 10 60 38); Diospyros kaki, Zea mays Mimosa saman: all vernacular names; Pentaptera arjuna, Larix deodara Cedrela mahagoni: latinized Bauhinia pes-caprae: translated name; Senecio barba-johannis Espeletia margarita: parts Smilax china Cyathea roroka: geographical features; Sedum dulcinomen: Arisaema elephas: animal Croton draco: mythological Cyperus ajax: figure from classical mythology; Botrychium yaaxudakeit: oral history. Not represent best practice. Then are descriptive (serving adjectival function), sometimes single words: Robinia frutex Symplocos margarita; diminutives nouns: Polyalthia asteriella Epidendrum baculus, confused adjectives (such asperulus, -a, -um hispidulus, -um); composed words can independently, various permutations, without hyphen, most commonly plus genitive (not necessarily order): Agrostemma coeli-rosa, Oplismenus crus-pavonis flos-aëris; compounds, notably -cola: Boletus pinicola Sphaeria salicicola, limited that: Eupatorium callilepis, Samanea leucocalyx, Corydalis longicornu Dendrobium strepsiceros. It seems good idea pay more attention apposition, especially if compounds. The distinction between compound (Art. 60.10) serving semantically (but grammatically) always clear. Perhaps migration even possible: botanical dictionaries indicate fructus noun, practice many -fructus, final component. “Note. n. An need match gender number must same case (the nominative case, 20.1). If than word, (with position, see 60.10bis, Rec. 60G) serves it were which additional word(s) relate(s) grammatically apposition; form apposition.” “Ex. Examples apposition. In compounds: Bactrodesmium betulicola, Calocedrus macrolepis, Borassus pinnatifrons. Composed usually independently: Strychnos nux-blanda: “nux” nominative, “blandus, -um” adjective “nux”; Planchonella dies-reginae: “dies” “regina” genitive; Palaquium regina-montium: “mons” (plural). Arenaria mons-cragus, “cragus” (a name) nouns nominative.” noteworthy International Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN; https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online) explicit about details grammar involved “in its 31, specifying explaining “compound (or phrase)”. “23A.2bis/23B.1. forming epithets, authors should avoid use when accepted available. preferably reserved for that, by tradition, serve (e.g. aesculicola, brevicalyx, chrysolepis, crassipes, leucothrix, longifrons, microglochin, rhodoxylon, salicicola) commemorate lend themselves well latinization (especially names).” n1. forms available used: elephanti elephantis), elephantorum elephantum), elephantinus, -um, rather elephas; draconis, draconteus, draco; jovis jupiter; macrostachyus, macrostachys; margaritaceus, margarita.” All all, confusing. For example, (very) minor mythology nominative. This fitted somewhat nineteenth century has died out. Since had genitives (and forms) since times, unnecessary. particular usage could argued already recommended against 23A.1 (if taken person), principle applies widely. On other hand, worth commemorating would suffer latinized. “23B.2/60D.2. When species significant importance indigenous people area occurrence, consider adopting widely used (as 23.1).” n2. commemorated apposition: Tabernanthe iboga, Agave karatto, Pistacia khinjuk, Dimocarpus longan, mays, Amomum mioga, saman, Enterolobium timboüva.” As stated Pre. 1, purpose supply means referring taxon, i.e. provide label, labels easier memorize meaning. Adopting meaning (at who knew organism) shortcut. Using been part formal nomenclature first starting point, Species plantarum (1753), famous example. Recently, (see, e.g., Knapp Taxon 69: 1409–1410. 2020), so extra Recommendation appropriate. “23B.3/60D.3. pure apposition), minimum transliteration, (Rec. 23A.3(a) notwithstanding).” n3. mahagoni, “mahogany” (itself presumed derived “m'oganwo”), occasionally caused confusion.” indigenous/vernacular/common judged epithet, doing recognized those name. merely matter inspiration unusual-looking epithet. Optimal placement proposed additions unclear. latter proposals seem logical keep them together, but, Recommendations on spread over 60, arrangements possible (depending what accepted). “60.10bis. provisions 60.10 apply equally compounded combining Greek -cola position 23.5).” 39bis. “inhabiting Betula” betulicola (Betul-, connecting vowel -i-, -cola).” 39ter. Septoria ‘Castaneæcola’ Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 3, 8: 26. 1847) spelled castaneicola.” Saint Louis (Greuter 138. 2000) saw introduction 23.5 sentence “In particular, element correctable error”, making ending Because restricted then (what now) no longer applied compounds -cola. Deviant compounding occur such frequently, dozens different example matching appears trees fungi found, some heavily used. practice, deviant spellings corrected, nothing actually supports this. “60.10ter. -cola, [The two Prop. 211 above.] Ilex ‘ardisiaefrons’ Reissek Martius, Fl. Bras. 11(1): 58. 1861) I. ardisiifrons.” inclusive alternative 211, extra. formed infraspecific vast majority position. Nevertheless, -frons (adiantifrons, blechnifrons, calamifrons, laurifrons, etc.); declension: inulifrons, knautiifrons, palmifrons, plagiogyriifrons, tiliifrons. At published “ardisiaefrons”, “urticæfrons”. With (hebecalyx, lupinocalyx, physalidicalyx, etc.), declension (alceicornu, nicandricalyx); IPNI (https://www.ipni.org/) lists “polygalaecalyx”, declension. Why make correctable? “60.11. hyphen treated error corrected deletion hyphen. A permitted only hyphenated according 23.3 consisted originally words, symbol) was present at valid publication basionym, one. letters before after 23.3).” “compound” unnecessary here confusing: differs 60G.1. Actually, definition “pseudocompound” 60G.1 fit “when independently”, pseudocompound epithet” might accurate, although less phrasing send reader looking parallel provision hyphens non-compound nonsense, does add potential confusion. addition, useful clarify added later, original publication, never allowed, except 23.3. “Note 60.11, “words independently” refers (botanical) Prin. V), language derived.” Nicandra johntyleriana S. Leiva Pereyra Arnaldoa 14: 46. 2007, ‘john-tyleriana’), “john” cannot independently language. permitted.” Proposal 049 (Prado Moran 1392. 2020) proposes “separately latinized” criterion permit based personal elements each termination, sufficient how phrase this? exactly “latinized”? maria-victoriae, Maria-Victoria, “maria” latinized? exact given name, unaltered. like montis-elgon non-final Latin, “elgon” unmodified. theory happen allowed. Would prevent hyphen? Watertight elusive. Note safer. “*Ex. Peperomia santa-elisae C. DC. Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2, 7: 917. 1907), “santa” Latin. point up discussion; something marginal case. “23.5bis. (for 60.10, 60.10bis/ter), whether separated not, relate correctly regard grammar. consists changed corresponding genitive. itself general maintained agree gender, number) genitive.” Correctable errors adjective: Centaurea carolipaui Fern. Casas Susanna Fontqueria 1: 2. 1982, ‘carolipauana’), honouring Carlos Pau; Calamintha caroli-henrici Kit Tan Sorger Pl. Syst. Evol. 155: 100. 1987, ‘caroli-henricana’), Karl Heinz Rechinger; Agrostophyllum montis-jayae Ormerod Orchadian 17: 379. 2013, ‘montis-jayanum’), Mt Jaya; Dracontia montis-mortis Karremans Bogarín Bot. 38: 307. ‘montis-mortense’), Cerro de la Muerte.” Syzygium montis-veneti Craven Blumea 66: 74. 2021, ‘montis-venetus’), Blue Mountain, ‘venetus’ (correctly) agrees (“mons” masculine), (which neuter). “venetus, sense here: “blue”) plural Veneti people): here, adjusted genitive: ‘veneti’.” altered Loranthus cycneus-sinus Blakely Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 47: 392. 1922, ‘Cycneus-Sinus’) fourth “sinus” genitive). recommended, evidence incorrectly formed.” Authors observe correct grammar, always. 115 (Garland Prado 70: 1389. 2021) aims address this, solution cause caroli-pauana, Pau, caroli-pauanae (adjective case), violates 60.8. common him caroli-paui carolipaui), caroliana-pauana. uncertain draw cover errors. Salicornia ‘sinus-persica’ 115, sinus-persicus sinus-persiae appear viable options, depending sinus. equivalent zoology First Reviser rule (ICZN 24.2) called for.